💊 What is contraception?
Contraception includes different methods used to reduce the chance of pregnancy. There is no single method that is best for everyone.
The best choice may change throughout life depending on health, preferences, sexual activity and future pregnancy plans.
⭐ Long-acting reversible contraception · LARC
IUDs and contraceptive implants are among the most effective reversible methods because they do not require daily action once they are in place.
Placed inside the uterus and releases progestin. It can reduce menstrual bleeding and menstrual pain over time. Duration depends on the specific device.
Contains no hormones. Copper interferes with sperm function and helps prevent fertilization. It provides long-term contraception and can also be used for emergency contraception in appropriate situations.
A small flexible rod placed beneath the skin of the upper arm. It releases progestin and provides long-term contraception. Changes in menstrual bleeding are common.
During the first year, fewer than 1 in 100 people using an IUD or implant become pregnant. Both methods are reversible.
💊 Birth control pills
Contains estrogen and progestin. It primarily prevents ovulation and also changes cervical mucus. It must be taken according to the prescribed schedule.
Contains no estrogen. It may be appropriate for some people who cannot or prefer not to use estrogen-containing contraception. Consistent use is important.
🩹 Patch and vaginal ring
Releases hormones through the skin and is changed according to a regular schedule. It does not require taking a pill every day.
A flexible ring placed inside the vagina that releases hormones. The schedule depends on the specific product being used.
Combined hormonal methods containing estrogen are not appropriate for everyone. Medical history and risk factors should be considered.
💉 Contraceptive injection
The progestin injection provides contraception for several weeks and requires repeat injections on schedule to maintain effectiveness.
It can change menstrual bleeding patterns, and return to fertility after stopping may take longer than with some other reversible methods.
🛡️ Condoms and barrier methods
Provides a physical barrier that helps prevent semen from entering the genital tract. It must be used correctly with every sexual act.
A barrier placed inside the vagina. It can also provide some protection against sexually transmitted infections.
Barrier devices placed in the vagina to cover the cervix. Effectiveness depends heavily on correct use.
Products designed to impair sperm function. Some barrier methods are used together with spermicide.
🛡️ Contraception and STIs
IUDs, implants, pills, injections, patches and rings prevent pregnancy but do not protect against STIs.
Correctly used latex or polyurethane condoms reduce the risk of many sexually transmitted infections.
⏱️ Emergency contraception
Emergency contraception can be used after sex without contraception or when a contraceptive method may have failed.
Different types are available. They should be used as soon as possible. Some options may be used up to five days after unprotected sex, depending on the medication and circumstances.
A healthcare professional can place a copper IUD within five days after certain episodes of unprotected sex. It is highly effective as emergency contraception and can then remain in place for ongoing contraception.
✂️ Permanent methods
A procedure intended to provide permanent contraception by interrupting the function of the fallopian tubes.
A permanent male contraceptive procedure that prevents sperm from being present in the ejaculated semen. It is not immediately effective and follow-up confirmation is required.
📅 Fertility awareness methods
These methods identify potentially fertile days using information such as the menstrual calendar, basal body temperature and cervical mucus. Their effectiveness in everyday use depends greatly on consistent and correct application.
🤱 Breastfeeding and contraception
Breastfeeding can temporarily reduce fertility, but it should not automatically be assumed to prevent pregnancy.
The lactational amenorrhea method works as a temporary contraceptive strategy only when specific criteria are all met: no menstrual period after delivery, fully or nearly fully breastfeeding and less than six months since delivery.
🩺 Choosing a method
Consider whether pregnancy is desired soon, years from now, or not at all.
High blood pressure, blood-clot history, migraine with aura, certain liver diseases, some cancers, smoking and other factors can influence contraceptive choices.
Some methods can reduce bleeding and menstrual pain, while others may cause irregular bleeding. Copper IUDs can increase bleeding for some users, especially initially.
Some people prefer contraception requiring no daily attention; others prefer a method they can start and stop themselves.
⚠️ When should you seek medical advice?
- Before starting hormonal contraception when significant medical risk factors exist.
- If pregnancy is suspected.
- For very heavy or persistent bleeding.
- For severe or new pelvic pain.
- For concerning symptoms after IUD or implant placement.
- When contraception fails and emergency contraception may be needed.
- When there may also have been exposure to an STI.
❓ Frequently asked questions
Which reversible methods are most effective?
IUDs and implants are among the most effective reversible contraceptive methods.
Can someone who has never given birth use an IUD?
For many people, yes. Previous childbirth is not by itself a requirement for IUD use. Individual circumstances should be assessed.
Does the pill protect against STIs?
No. Birth control pills prevent pregnancy but do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
Can condoms be combined with another method?
Yes. Condoms can be used with another contraceptive method to provide pregnancy prevention plus reduced risk of many STIs.
Can contraception change menstrual bleeding?
Yes. Depending on the method, bleeding may become lighter, irregular or may stop. Concerning bleeding should be evaluated.
📚 Medical references
Evidence-based information about contraception and emergency contraception.
ACOG · Birth ControlClinical information about hormonal, barrier and long-acting contraception.
Mayo ClinicClinical guidance on contraceptive choices, benefits and risks.